Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma in Saudi Arabia

Diagnosis and Treatment of bronchial asthma attack attack attack in Saudi ArabiaMore than 300 billion people currently suffer from asthma dishonor worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease among chel atomic number 18n (WHO, 2008). In Saudi Arabia, in that location is a lack of statistics approximately(predicate) the asthma, however, an estimated material body laughingstock be assumed through Abou Zaid et al study. According to Abou Zaid et al (2009), there are about 7 percent of the children and adolescents in the south area only suffering from bronchial asthma. That percentage was found in cardinal city (AlTaif) from the Saudi Arabia regions (south region). Moreover, that study was based on a city that does non pay off polluted environment much(prenominal) as the crownwork city and the surrounding areas. That city AlTaif, this city is known with the high altitude city and impertinent environment ascrib equal to(p) to the staggering distance from the poll uted industries. From that blossom, it can be seen that the percentage of the children who direct asthma pull up stakes be higher in the capital cities or in the industrial environments due to the excessive present of the pollution and the asthma triggers (Abou Zaid et all, 2009).BackgroundAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the air demeanors that a recurrent symptoms. Its resulting from the interaction between the inflammatory cells and the t exsert cell that cover the airways. The inflammatory suffice during asthma is leading to the asthma pattern such as the difficulty of breathing, wheezing, coughing and chest tightness (Henson Johnston. 2002).The enhancements of pediatric asthma have clearly linked to the sensitivity of airways. This sensitivity can lead to the asthma onset. The hypersensitized inflammation of the airways can be stimulated by the allergens (Henson Johnston. 2002).asthma in children can be caused by many factors. Several factors that might increase the risk of increment of asthma such as genetic, gender, environment and prematurity when deli very (Henson Johnston. 2002). Smoking for women during pregnancy has been linked strongly to asthma in children (Henson Johnston. 2002). This postulate out be an issue with the women who smoke in Saudi Arabia.Primary wellness caveat Centers in Saudi Arabia have been lacking in asthma care knowledge structures (equipment and medication) (Alhaddad et al. 1997). In addition, there were a large number of asthma prescriptions from the primary health care centers that had no documentation of the dosage for the asthma inhalers and this showed how poor the documentation has been from the asthma medicines prescribers. Moreover patients who were ordered asthma steroids have shown a poor compliance with the prescriptions. All of that has led to much primary health care centers visits and more hospitalizations. The studies as well as showed there were only 35% of the prescriptions were in the pr eventive therapy. That means the other prescription were either higher than the preventive therapy or lower than the recommended preventive therapy (Aldashash, Almukhtar. 2003).The meaning of the proposalThe knobs who have poor compliance and with no preparational tools, the hospital visits and hospitalization by them exit increase and remain in the high level. However, if the clients have been given cusps which teach them how to handle the asthma attacks and how to prevent them, the hospital visits may be flowd with the proper motivation and education.Aims and objectives for the projectThis proposal is targeting the children with asthma to decrease the hospital visits by them. It leave also improve the awareness for the childrens guardians and what is an asthma brochure for children may incite the quality of the childrens lives and it also may decrease the hospitalization. That brochure are also organiseing to maintain the self trouble for children with asthma it allow for increase the public awareness in what to do if roughlyone had an asthma attack by providing the children and their guardians the sufficient education.The strategies of the projectMaking the pamphlet.This strategy is the main concept to start the implementation process. In addition, this folder should start with giving the clients useful knowledge related to their needs. The ways to brand the client satisfy with this booklet, all the knowledge are in need to be simple to understand. Up to date education needed to fill out this booklet to make the client equal to(p) to relate it to the recent self way approaches. The booklet allow be very handy to the client who cannot or do not have the ability to check the development via online. All the updated and needed data allow for be available at the booklet for the reader to read it and to ask almost anything that they want or they need to know about the booklet.Process of implementation.Asthma self steering booklet needs to be implemented in strong used methods to be able to gain the fruits of successes. Knox (2000) has suggested that the implementation process need to be based on many theories to give it the ability to adapt on the various changes in the clients needs or barriers such as eye sight problems and literacy. The choose theory will be adapting Lewins theory. Lewins theory has been elected because of it is the easiest theory to be controlled and monitored. In addition, Lewins theory is capable to be adjusted to suit the wanted changes more than the other theories (Knox, 2000).Literature reviewThis literature review has only focused on the recent articles that only done in 2009 and 2010. These articles are not about the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to the lack of the recent resources that have mentioned the asthma education in Saudi Arabia. These articles were taken from the search engine CINHAL based on key words asthma and education. The search was limited on the articles that have been published in years 2009 and 2010. Only 32 hits were found 13 of them were in English but those articles were based on the church communities. Thus, those articles have been excluded due to the inconvenient to the topic to apply it in Saudi Arabia. In addition, 6 of the articles were scripted by a foreign language Portuguese language so these articles have been excluded too. That will leave only 13 recent articles to use in this literature review. The literatures will be mentioned under the following sub headingsAsthma in conjunction with communitiesAsthma self care management is more advantageous for the client when it is connected with the community (Otsuki et al 2009 Millard et al 2009 Krieger et al 2009). The purpose of connecting the asthma self management computer program is to get the maximum support to the clients and to the soma of study itself. This will give the wanted plan with the maximum validity. When public lecture about using the communities to give a great ai d to the asthma self management plan from allowing a large informatics resource to be focused on that plan (Clark et al 2010). The management needs to be supported by giving guardians need to be include in that education to allow them to be a good participant in the asthma self management plan for the children (Tolomeo 2009 Zhao et al 2009).When the asthma self management plan has been separated from the community. The wanted education plans will be disrupted by the invalid information and will be lacking of resources such as clients and trainers. This will lead to failing in that education plans (Farber, 2009).Asthma in connection with checkup facilitiesAsthma is a medical problem. This medical problem will take a medical attention. When a clients education have been provided without any connection to any medical facilities, then the asthma education will contains a lot of fraud information. From that point, asthma self care management plan should have nigh connection with the m edical facilities to be able to be suitable to be carried out with attention from the medical staffs. In addition, the medical facilities will lubricate the educational process to the client by allowing them to feel the difference before and after using the suggested self management education plan (Praeger 2009 Farber, 2009).Asthma education for undergraduate nursesThe way to make the educator nurse able to deliver a good education to the clients is to allow the nurses to get more methods to amend the clients when they are taking their degrees. In another words, allow the asthma self management methods to be taught in the tertiary schools to the nurses to increase the flexibilities to the nurses to adapt the methods to teach the clients more effectively and to create the realism in the education plan (Richard, 2009).Reducing clients with asthma hospitalizationWhen the clients are getting an insufficient education, the unavoidableness visits by the clients will be increased (Flores et al 2009). Vice versa, if the health education have become more effective to the clients, that will lead to promote their health. When their health status has been promoted, the visit to the emergency elbow room will be reduced (Zhao et al 2009)Clients with asthma in schoolsWhen the clients who diagnosed with asthma are having an episode of asthma, then the absence of school will occur and the emergency visits will increase (Murdock et al 2010). Increasing the community awareness and the asthma self management education will promote the clients health status and that will decrease the absence from schools (Otsuki et al 2009). Moreover, when using an education techniques to the children clients, an appropriate technique should be used to avoid the incompliance from the children such as ignorant or depression (Murdock et al 2010). One study done by Tolomeo has reported that only 15 % of children who diagnosed with asthma that have received a complete asthma education (2009). That is less percentage than what has been reported by Apter et al (2001). However, another study done by Millard et al has argued that the affect of asthma absence in schools were super over estimated (2009). However, there still gaps between the recommended asthma care plan and the current plan that has been used in the schools (Frankowski, 2009). In addition, Frankowski recommended Physician Asthma Care Education (PACE) to increase the effort in communication while providing the client the asthma self management plans (2009).The content of the booklet with the rationaleThe content of the booklet will use the simple English to make it easy to be understood by the client and the client guardian if any. In addition, it will be written as a dot point to make it easy to be absorbed by the clients mind. The booklet will contain most of the pictures to make it easy to explain the contents to the clients. The booklet will contain six scratchs those fractions will be clearly identified be low.First sectionThis section is talking about the asthma disease and includes sufficient information about the asthma. It is also include the sign and symptoms of asthma.The aim of this section is to give the client enough information about the asthma to determine the reality of the disease and how to depict the sign and symptoms. This will be useful to the client and their guardian to be able to identify the initial information about what is asthma and what is it doing to the client health status. In addition, this section is including some information about how to control the asthma. In specific this booklet is aiming to motivate the self management for the clients to promote their health by promoting their self control for the asthma. Moreover, if the booklet has engaged the client and their guardians by acknowledging them to the sign and symptoms of asthma on sets, then the booklet has allowed the client to be more confident in managing his health condition and that will reduc e the depression to the client (Murdock et al 2010).The aim is achieved by including an explanation on what are the asthma and the pathology for the asthma. This definition is to make it clear to the client in what is exactly going on in the clients lungs. The booklet did also include some of the sign and symptoms for asthma and some definitions for the difficult words such as wheezing. Wheezing is the whistling or squeaky locomote thats appears when the asthmatic person are breaths (LBI 2007). Moreover, the booklet has identified when the clients need to contact their doctors and when they need their medications. In addition, the booklet has shown some information about how to control the child asthma. All the information that has been written in the booklet was from up to date references.The second sectionThe aim of this section is acknowledging the client about the different contour of asthma medication and the purpose for them. This page will allow the client to gain the adequ ate knowledge about what is the medication and wherefore those medications have been overconfident for the client. This also will allow the medical team to educate the client about the medication. By engaging the clients and their guarding in the asthma self management plan and provide them with sufficient education then the booklet is actually insuring that the clients are getting the adequate asthma education (Tolomeo, 2009). In addition, if the clients are aware of the asthma onset sign and symptoms then the client also aware about how to use the supplied medication to solve the onset, then the pressure to the client from the sickness itself will be reduced and the client will not be more depressed about their medical conditions (Murdock et al 2010).This aim is achieved by explaining that there are two kind of asthma medication the reliever one puffer and the preventive medication (LBI 2007). The medication will be varying from each client. That is why there were no specific br and name to the inhalers has been mentioned in details. All the details that have been written in the booklet were general due to the scheme of getting biased or malfunctioned.Section trineThis section contains some useful pictures that explain to the client how to use the different kind of inhalers. This will promote the client knowledge about the proper way to use the inhalers to insure the maximum benefits from the medication.Section fourThis section was established in this booklet to educate the client about what are the asthma triggers and how to solve or eliminate them to be more in control for their asthma situations.Section fiveThis section is mainly about the asthma management plan during emergency action plan. This section can be filled by the physician to make the client able to handle emergency situations and when to know when their health status are dropping down or getting better. This section is essential to the booklet due to the highly urgent need to the client to know their emergency action plan. In addition, this section is giving the clients and the reader more information on how to scale of measurement the clients with asthma health status regarding the asthma point of view. When the client is able to measure the peak flow and know what the vital variance to determine their asthma status, then they will know when to seek help or when they are in the risk free zone. That will allow them to take in outpouring for their health and will give them an advance notice when to be worried and need to seek attention or help for the medical staff. This also will allow the client to know when they need to book themselves an appointment in the medical facilities in advance. This issue may lead to less waiting hours in the primary health care clinics from the asthma perspective. That will lead to less hospitalization and might reduce the mortality rate for the clients.Section sixThis section is about the useful community services in Saudi Arabia. Thi s will help he client to seek the adequate sufficient information about asthma when needed. It is also including some of the valid web site links for those community services to be able to locate them in their areas or have the contact numbers for them. According to Knox (2000), explained that the clients are reading about their condition more than what they used to, e specially when they are looking for a solution to a problem that they have. When the clients are suffering from a specific problem, they would require looking for the solution and wanting a valid resource for them to be able to picture the solution.The implementation processEvery implementation process would require a leaders or changing agent. While there is no leadership or no change agent the implementation will eventually fails due to there will be no control for the outcomes. In addition, the leadership or the change agent needs to be armed with skills to be able to control the implementation process and need to have adequate expertise about what is the change and what the favor from the implementation. The leadership shall identify the changes and how it will affect the organization. In addition, the leadership will have the leading skills to lead the other staffs to be able to reduce or eliminate the fears from the changes and the uncertainty while making the changes. Moreover, this leadership will visualize the recent valid change process to be able to implement them to the changes that the leadership will require (Swanburgs, 2005). The leaders ship should be honest responsible and have the flexibility to admit their own mistakes. Moreover, the leaderships need to be qualifies persons whom can built a business on a trust and can reach to important goals (Swanburgs, 2005).The process of making the implementation more flexile and effective is to make it based on more than one change theory (Knox. 2000). The implementation of the booklet will basically base on Lewins displume field model of change. Lewins model is consisting of three breaker points unfreeze stage, moving stage and freeze stage (Swanburgs, 2005). However, other change process theories might be included in this project.Ethical issueThe implementation process will consider that there will be no harm that will occur to the clients and there will be no harm for the distributers or the medical staffs (Swanburgs, 2005). If any harm was noted to any of the parts the implementation process will instanter terminated and that incidence will get investigated to see where the implementation process were deviated from the track and to discuss whether or not that harm will affect the future(a) of the implementation process. The harm might happen when the clients or their guardian are not understanding the booklet and might misuse it.Unfreezing stageThis stage will include the gathering of all the recent asthma brochures and investigate what are the brochures that are out dated. All the out dated brochures need to be serene and announced to the client to not use them. after(prenominal) that, an introduction for this booklet needs to be done in small community such as rural area. The supposed area in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is AlMajmaah due to it contains only three Primary Health Clinics and two hospitals. The introduction for the booklet will be started on the asthma inpatients in one of the hospital and for this trail the elected hospital will be King Khalid Hospital because of there is special department for asthma patients in there and there is Special Ward for clients with asthma there. That ward consists of 12 beds especially for children whom diagnosed with asthma so the trial can be easily controlled. Prior to distributing the booklet, the project leadership will collect the sufficient data about the status of those children and what they have received from the education point of view. The culture habits such as raising sheeps or camels should be considered and investigated whet her or not it triggers the asthma attacks. That will need to be investigated by the physicians. The other educational elements should be considered such as literacy, education level, any cultural impairment such as lack of transportation or lack of guardians, any bodily impairment such as eye sight or deafness. After collecting and analyzing the data, the leadership will establish basic team to assist the leadership in applying the changes. This team will be armed with experience and it will contain trustable persons that are accountable for the successful of the supposed change aims. After the investigation has been collected and analyzed, some of the inpatient clients will be elected for the first trial. The election will be based on the children whom with low complications to decrease the possibility for the failure of this trail. Those selected subjects and the selected team will receive an intensive course for the use of the booklet and the benefits for the booklet. That cour se will not be established unless a ball consent has been gained from the hospital administration and from the guardians of the children. The intensive course will be held for one week and it will contain the needed educational material such as the booklet, some posters and brochures to maximize the knowledge that will be gained by the mentioned subjects. This trial was inspired by Roger s theory (Swanburgs, 2005). After the intensive course the booklet will be handed on to the clients and observation for the real benefits that gained after handing the booklet will be monitored.Moving stageIn this stage the leadership and the nominated team will start distributing the booklet among the whole AlMajmaah inpatient children whom are suffering from asthma especially the recent diagnosed children. When introducing and distributing for the booklet a classes will be held in all the inpatients wards that contains children whom diagnosed with asthma to brief them of the benefits of using the booklet and how to use them. The mentioned classes will run for a period of a month. After the mentioned month, an evaluation process will run for the whole two hospital and investigation about the actual benefits that been gained from that booklet. The booklet may need modification or alteration to make the booklet more suitable for the use by the clients. When there is any alteration for the booklet the previous implementation steps will be carried out again to insure the smoothness of the changing process. After finishing the alteration for the booklet and the successful of the trails, the booklet will be recommended to the Ministry of Health to implement it for the whole Saudi Arabia medical facilities and that the aim of this project.Freeze stageWhen completing the booklet trials and insuring the maximum validity of the booklet contents, then the booklet should get the official shape and recommended to the Ministry of Health to be able to make it the primary distributed bookle t for children with asthma in Saudi Arabia.Discussion and limitationThe most noteworthy barrier for this booklet would be adapting the medical team and the public about the best safe way to use the booklet, this can be covered by established a educational facilities or teams to hap educating the public how to use the booklet and an intensive program to teach the medical teams as well. In addition, some of the information might be not valid or useless after a while, that can be cover by creating an evaluation teams to keep this booklet up to date. Moreover, the booklet maybe in need for more information or more sections and that can be dealt with by the evaluation teams. The booklet may suffer from the lack of compliance from the patients, that can be dealt with educate the patient of the importance of following the instruction that been given by the medical team. Moreover, some patient may manipulate the informations in the booklet or adding more information that might bias the bo oklet that might be solved by educating the patient in how dangerous it would be if they done so and how inappropriate treatments might result from that. However, some of the departments in Saudi Arabia have adopted some of the asthma education techniques such as King Fahd National Guard Hospital. KFNGH has created a link via web site to allow the clients to calculate the severity of their asthma if they have it.Future recommendationThis booklet may be used as a data base style so the clients will require a USB device to carry their entire case file and their required information. The booklet can be as well a digital booklet so the client can check it out via online or using the new devices such as i pad or iPod. The booklet will include in the future more sections to get the booklet further in the way to reach to the holistic approach.ConclusionIn conclusion, asthma is a chronic health issue that affects many people from all around the world. Many asthma self management education m ethod has been used around the globe. Moreover, the asthma education is one of the essentials to reduce the clients emergency room visits and hospitalization. Education will require connecting it with the community and medical facilities to get the maximum benefits to the plan. In addition, one of the education methods that can be used to educate the clients is the asthma self management booklet. This booklet need to have up to date information to be able to assist the clients to promote their health.th booklet will contain six section that have been detailed above. The implementation of the booklet will go via three stages unfreeze, move then freeze. All the implementation stages should be monitored thoroughly to maintain the success. This booklet may reach to preferred finale and may not. If it reached to the final hoped destination then the booklet will require evaluate and frequent update.

Was Karl Marx a Determinist?

Was Karl Marx a Determinist?The aim of this essay is to address to what extent Karl Marx could be considered a determinist. In doing so it all in allow for consider (a) what constitutes determinism (b) Marxs theories on history and (c) whether these theories argon compatible with the nonion of determinism. Precedence is given to role (b) due to the sheer volume of existing literary returns in this field. Analysis is limited to Marxs personal theories on history as opposed to Marxist theory on history, as the latter is more often than not tangential to the issue in question.1(a) DeterminismDeterminism has globey facets. In the broad sense it can be nervemarised as the philosophical proposition that every historical detail is causally determined by an unbroken or predetermined chain of prior events. In rudimentary terms, therefore, determinism is the antithesis of free will the notion that there is no predestined fate for public except that which it determines for itself. Determinism should not be confused with fatalism, which dictates that all future events be already predetermined and will definitely occur. or else determinism is associated with and depends upon the concepts of philistinism and causality.More specifically, it is economic determinism with which, rightly or wrongly, Marx has become associated. Economic determinism can be defined as a form of determinism which explains mixer structure and culture as a product of the social and skilful organisation of economic life.2 It indispensablely lends primacy to economics over politics in the development of tender-hearted history. It has been interpreted as the belief that economic laws determine the course of history, in untold the same way as Auguste Comte considered that laws governed high fellowship.3 On a more elemental level, Fleischer writes that as self-preservation is the supreme instinct in man, therefore the entire pattern of human conduct must always have been governed b y the fundamental laws presidency survival a dialectical move between man and nature. This reasoning gives rise to the conclusion that all elements of historical consequence result from economic determinism, or mans instinctive effort to survive.4 In order for us to understand Marxs association with economic determinism, an analysis of his theories on history is inborn.(b) Marxs theories on historyJon Elster writes that Marx had both an empirical theory of history and a speculative philosophy of history.5 It is the former, better known as historical frameworkism, which concerns us. Historical materialism as an explanatory transcription has been expanded and refined by numerous academic studies since Marxs death in 1883, despite no formal exhibition of the concept ever having been published by Marx himself.6 It looks for the causes of developments and changes in human societies in the way in which humans collectively stain the means to life, so enceinte an emphasis, throug h economic analysis, to everything that co-exists with the economic base of society, such as social classes, political structures and ideologies. While Marx usurped totally to be proposing a guideline to historical research, by the twentieth century the concept of historical materialism had become a keystone of modern Communist doctrine.An understanding of the origins of Marxs attachment to materialism is essential in appreciating its concept. These origins can largely be attributed to his research on the philosophy of Epicurus and his reading of Adam Smith and other political economists. Historical materialism builds upon the thinker that became current in philosophy from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries that the development of human society has moved through a series of set ups, from hunting and gathering, through pastoralism and cultivation, to technical society. Marx argued that the history of Western society had progressed though the following stages or modes of produ ction. Each mode of production had its own economic system which gave rise to a system of class divider based around ownership of the means of production(i) primitive communism(ii) slave society(iii)feudalism(iv)capitalist economyMarxists say that society moves from one stage to the next when the dominant class is displaced by a new-made emerging class. The final stage in the chain, communism (as we know it today), would eventually supplant capitalism on a global scale, and would therefore represent both the intended target and end result of social history.The fundamental theory of historical materialism stems from the fact that nation must procure or produce the necessities by which they can survive and multiply themselves. Human beings are producers, and their production consists of two hard-hitting aspects the material and the social. The material refers to the physical necessities of life. In producing physical necessities, human beings create the social form, within which they produce. The social form of production is a social process by which people cooperate (through a division of labour in more complex social forms) to produce the things they need. This aspect always involves the social dealings of those involved. These relations crucially concern the control of the process of production and the distribution of its products. The material aspect of production implies a certain organisation of production, possession of the conquer tools, and knowledge. This material aspect of production is known as the productive forces. The social form in which people produce is called the relations of production. Together, the forces and relations of production make up the mode of production.The next stage in the argument is more controversial. Initially, the interacting factors in the productive system of a class-based economy, including the forces and relations of production, are in a state of relative equilibrium. The forces of production determine and limit or at least play off to the relations of production. Let us consider an example to athletic supporter make this relationship more transparent. The earliest humans reproduced themselves by hunting animals and producing simple crops. Such a society could not produce cars, computers or necessitate in the mass production we have today. They lacked the tools and knowledge to do so. Knowledge and tools are part of the productive forces, which constrain the nature of the relations of production. This material bound on what earlier societies could produce also constrained the types of relationships that existed between people. However, at some point the expanding forces of production clash with the contracting relations of production. In mankinds harnessing of technology, the forces develop more rapidly, and in a direction incompatible with the relations of production. As the capacity to produce expands, the ownership of the means of production contracts. Consequently, the forces of pro duction can no longer freely develop within the confines of the class structure. This conflict between the forces and relations of production intensifies until, by means of revolution, the social relations are reorganised so as to harmonise with the productive forces. It is anticipated that mankind will ultimately establish control over the material military forces of the economy.7Historians such as Jon Elster and David McLellan have scoured Marxs writings for evidence of his rationale on historical materialism. Elster points to Das Kapital, Marxs preface in A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, and what he refers to as rambling, disconnected passages in The German Ideology as key sources.8 He explainsHistorical materialism is not simply a theory that accords a privileged place to economic factors. It is, more specifically, a form of technological determinism. The rise and fall of successive billet regimes are explained by their tendency to promote or fetter technic al change.9On Marxs writings on the historical modes of production, Elster argues that Marx does not provide applications and clarifications of the planetary theory.10 According to Elster, there is no suggestion that each of the three precapitalist modes of production (primitive communism, slave society and feudalism) divides into a progressive stage (in which the relations of production correspond to the forces of production) and a regressive stage (in which the correspondence becomes a contradiction). On the contrary, Marx consistently claims that technology was essentially unchanging from antiquity to the early modern period (with the excommunication of the invention of gunpowder, the printing press and the compass), and that the destabilising element in the ancient world was not the development of the forces of production but population growth. Elster is also critical of Marxs account of the (then) impending transition from capitalism to communism. He argues that as Marx insis ted that technical change in capitalism was accelerating sort of than slowing down, he could not claim that capitalism was moribund in its stagnation. Rather, Elster insists, Marx would have to argue that the proletariat would be motivated by the prospect of a communistic society which would benefit from technical change at an even more accelerated pace. This in itself is an unlikely motivation as people revolt when conditions deteriorate or when their expectations of improvement are not fulfilled, rather than when there is an abstract possibility of a society in which conditions could be even better than they are already.McLellan is less critical, appearing to methodically signpost the scholar through the confused abstracts. While he does not specifically mention determinism, he points to it by highlighting the inevitability of worldwide communist revolution above all else. He draws the readers attention to the following Marx quotationsThings have come to the point where individu als must appropriate the existing nitty-gritty of productive forces not merely to achieve self-activity but to secure their very existence.In all appropriations up to now a mass of individuals remained subservient to a single instrument of production. In the appropriation by the proletarians, a mass of instruments of production must be subservient to each individual and the property of all. The only way for individuals to control modern universal interaction is to make it subject to the control of all.Communism is not a state of affairs still to be established, not an ideal to which reality will have to adjust. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of affairs. 11The salient point here is that McLellan draws on these passages to illustrate that socialism for Marx was an economic reality rather than an ethical ideal. This represents a paradigm of determinism in Marxs writing.The fundamental assumptions of historical materialism as viewed by Marx, irre spective of any period of history, can therefore be summarised as followshumans are social animals who live in a complex societyhuman society consists of humans collectively working on nature to make the means to lifehuman society develops a complex division of labourover time humans advance their harnessing of nature through the development of science and technologyhuman beings have the ability to reflect on their society and interaction with nature, but their thinking and organisation are always preconditioned by and dependent on the state of development of their society and of the power structures in their society.Let us now consider whether these assumptions are compatible with the concept of economic determinism.(c) Marxist theory and economic determinismAs discussed in section (b), according to Marx, each social mode of production produces the material conditions of its reproduction, that is ideology (which encompasses all the political, law and cultural spheres). Thus ideolog y permits the mode of production to reproduce itself. Marx also believed that in the event of a revolutionary force changing the mode of production, the dominant class would immediately set out to create a new society to protect this new economic order. In the nineteenth century, Marx felt as if the bourgeoisie had essentially accomplished the establishment of a new societal and economic order, instinctively creating a society protective of their capitalist interests. This prompted Marx (and Engels) to direct this statement from the Communist manifesto at the bourgeoisieYour very ideas are but the outgrowth of conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class, made into law for all, a will whose essential character and direction are determined by the economic conditions of the existence of your class.12From this, it is argued that Marx and Engels did not believe men could arbitrarily choose any one of several(pre nominal) forms of society, but only that one which promotes the prevailing mode of production. The very nature of mans materialistic constitution requires that he do this. Marx hence criticised mans alienation, a concept which he latter replaced by the critique of commodity fetishism. Vulgar Marxism has considered that the relation between the economical infrastructure and the ideologic superstructure was an unicausal one, and thus believed in economic determinism. This has been criticised by Marxist theorists such as Helmut Fleischer, who dismissed it as a form of economism or economic reductionism. He claimed the relationship is much more reciprocal and complex than unilateral determinism would have it.There are also scholars who reject this view. Fleischer highlights those who objected that economic determinism is a meaningless generality, and that any serious historical explanation of economic realities must also refer to non-economic realities. This becomes a more conspicuous p roblem when it is unclear which branch of determinism is implied. In this respect, when Marx writes of the economic base and the ideological superstructure of society, he was making a generalisation about the broad sweep of history, to the effect that people ultimately will follow their material self-interests, whatever else they may imagine about their motivations. However, according to Marx, the dynamics of history were shaped precisely by the clash of those interests (class struggle), and that clash could not be understood simply in terms of economic self-interest, because it also involved human traditions and values. The end result of economic determinism in this view is both economism (a narrow focus on how people earn their livelihood) and economic reductionism (the attempt to reduce a complex social reality to one factor i.e. the economic such that this one factor causes all other aspects of society). This plays directly into the hands of the business class, and ultimately ended in an anti-working class position, whereby the allegiance of the working class is merely a tool to be used by the political class to modernise an economy, with the aid of forced labour if need be.13Taking the above points into account, it could be argued that Marx considered economic determinism as the fictive force in human evolution. He clearly advocated a change in economic structure as the only feasible means by which to effect social change and to refine the intellectual make-up of humanity. His advocacy of the inevitability of worldwide socialist revolution and communist society could certainly be described as deterministic in outlook. At the same time it should be remembered that Marx was fully aware that the economic aspects of life did not constitute the sum total of mankinds preoccupation and social make-up. On this basis, therefore, it would appear that Marxs historical materialism is compatible with the specific notion of economic determinism, rather than falling under the broader category of determinism as a whole.BibliographyBerlin, Isaiah, Historical Materialism in Tom Bottomore (ed.), Karl Marx (Oxford Basil Blackwell, 1973)Easton, Loyd D. Guddat, Kurt H. (trans. ed.), Writings of the young Marx on philosophy and society (Garden City, NY Doubleday, 1967)Elster, Jon, An Introduction to Karl Marx (Cambridge CUP, 1986)Fleischer, Helmut, Marxism and History (New York Harper Torchbooks, 1973)McLellan, David, The Thought of Karl Marx An Introduction (London Macmillan, 1971)Rader, Melvin, Marxs Interpretation of History (New York OUP, 1979)Web referencesEconomic determinism, Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences, maintained by Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada (http//bitbucket.icaap.org)Karl Marx Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, Australian National University (www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html)1Footnotes1 It is almost impossible to discuss Marxs theories on history without referring to Friedrich En gels, Marxs lifelong friend, fellow philosopher and co-author of many works. The influence of Engels has been intentionally minimalised for the purposes of this essay as the issue in question refers to Marx alone.2 Economic determinism, Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences, maintained by Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada (http//bitbucket.icaap.org, accessed July 28, 2006).3 Helmut Fleischer, Marxism and History (New York Harper Torchbooks, 1973), passim.4 ib.5 Jon Elster, An Introduction to Karl Marx (Cambridge CUP, 1986), p. 103.6 Isaiah Berlin, Historical Materialism in Tom Bottomore (ed.), Karl Marx (Oxford Basil Blackwell, 1973), p. 56.7 Isaiah Berlin, Historical Materialism in Tom Bottomore, op. cit., pp. 58-60 Melvin Rader, Marxs Interpretation of History (New York OUP, 1979), pp. 12-14.8 Jon Elster, op. cit., p. 104. Marx published A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy in London in 1859. Marx and Engles co-wrote The German Ideology during the spring of 1845. It was published posthumously by the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow in 1932.9 Jon Elster, op. cit., pp. 104-105.10 ibid, pp. 106-108.11 Loyd D. Easton Kurt H. Guddat (trans. ed.), Writings of the young Marx on philosophy and society (Garden City, NY Doubleday, 1967), pp. 426, 467 et seq, reproduced in David McLellan, The Thought of Karl Marx An Introduction (London Macmillan, 1971), p. 36.12 Karl Marx Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (first published 1848), accessed online at the Australian National University website (http//www.anu.edu.au/polsci/ marx/classics/manifesto.html, July 30, 2006).13 Helmut Fleischer, op. cit., pp. 45 et seq.

Changing Gender Roles - The Battle of the Sexes Continues Essay

It is the fight of each(prenominal) wars. Its lasted longer than all the ancient wars, the world wars, and the civil wars of all nations put together. The battle lines have been clearly drawn and the two sides have never rested plot on the battlefield. It is the famed battle of the sexes and it is anything but resolved. The war has been happening for a long time, but now it seems to have hit a point where the world wonders what to do now. This is due to the current changes in sexual activity roles which are manipulating society and changing relationships. These changes are both negative and positive many advances have been made with women finding equality with men, but have conventional values been underestimated? It is a highly controversial and complicated subject that affects virtually all members of society. In order to understand some of the opinions on the topic of sex activity roles and relationships, it is necessary to understand the definitions of so me words as they will be used in this essay. First there are many definitions for the term gender. However, in this paper the words sex and gender will be used interchangeably and refer simply to male and female. Also important to note is that while society has more options than a male and female relationship, the emphasis in this essay is only on heterosexual relationships and the way they are perceived in society. By keeping these basic definitions and ideas in mind, one can understand that the word role refers to the individuals place in society and beat within a relationship. Along with this, the traditional roles would be defined as women being the homemakers while men being the main breadwinners. When labeling traditional roles dealing with geological dating and rel... ...ana. Dating Among College Student Is All But Dead, Survey Finds. The Chronicle of Higher Education Aug. 10, 2001 51. Academic Universe. Lexis Nexis. EBSCO Publishing. Colorado take University Lib. Apr. 2003 http//lib.colostate.edu/databases/Piper, John. Whats the Difference? Manhood and cleaning woman Defined According to the Bible. Wheaton Crossway Books, 1991.Wentworth, Diane Keyser. The Role of Househusband and Housewife as Perceived by a College Population. The Journal of Psychology 2001 (135) 639-650. Academic Search Premeir. EBSCO Publishing. Colorado State University Lib. Mar. 2003 http//lib.colostate.edu/databases/ William, Armstrong. Colliding Bodies. The Washington Times Aug. 11, 2001. Academic Universe. Lexis Nexis. EBSCO Publishing. Colorado State University Lib. Mar. 2003 http//lib.colostate.edu/databases/

A Brief Discussion of Genetic Diseases Essay -- Biology Genetic Disease

Since the discovery in 1928 via the Griffith experiment (an experiment dealing with bacterial transformation) that DNA carried genetic information, many important discoveries have been made regarding the human genome and its point in the determination of phenotypic traits. Not least of these is the discovery and study of genetic disorders, or diseases caused by abnormalities within the genes. Disorders of this nature can be caused by a variety of factors. Some diseases such as Huntingtons disease must be inherited, while others, such as some cancers, can be the gist of environmental factors slowly mutating the genome over time. Still others can result from random errors in normal DNA replication. Typically, genetic disorders tend to be rare ascribable to the ability of DNA to repair itself and also because of the tendency for damaged cells to undergo programmed cell death to preserve the overall health of the organism. However, when genetic disorders do appear, the y illustrate a considerable problem for the afflicted, because although some are treatable and possibly manageable, very few, if any, are ever curable. DNA of a living individual cannot be alter by any existing technology. Nevertheless, research is continually improving our ability to treat these diseases, particularly with diseases such as cancer, trisomy, and Huntingtons disease. Of particular interest in unexampled medicine is the study of the various forms of cancer and the genes involved in causing it. Cancer is a disease in which cells of the body mutate to the point where they brook the ability to regulate their division and DNA replication, causing uncontrollable growth to the extent of interfering with the function of normal, healthy cells... ...gtons Research. 26 August 2007. 1 celestial latitude 2010 .National Cancer Institute. Common Cancer Types. 15 July 2010. 1 December 2010 .Reiness, Gary. Cancer Part II-Mutations and Cancer. 13 April 2000. 30 No vember 2010 .Starr, Barry. DNA Mutations Cause Cancer. 8 February 2008. 30 November 2010 .Woollams, Chris. Using Viruses To Treat Cancer. 2010. 1 December 2010 link.aspx?n=1106&Title=Using%20Viruses%20To%20Treat%20Cancer.WordIQ.com. Experimental Cancer Treatment - Definition. 2010. 1 December 2010 .

Class, Socialization, and Politics Essay -- Political Socialization an

Elections are at the core of the American policy-making system. They are the expression we choose our government, the source of government authority, and a means by which the people can influence public policy. For most Americans, voting is the only form of governmental participation. Essential questions to ask concerning these issues are Who votes and why? What influences people to become voters? And what influences how they vote? It is important to approach these issues from a sociological standpoint addressing such matters as fondisation and social stratification. Socialization is a gradual process that takes place as we grow up. It is the process that aid in developing attitudes and opinions that allow us wedge along within a society. These beliefs affect the political views we hold later in life. Through social agencies such as family, schools, peers, and media we become aware of social rules and develop a social identity. (Introduction to Sociology Pg. 96) A product of t his development is political socialization, which is the process of learning political attitudes and behaviors. The idea of political socialization helps in providing the answers to the questions concerning who votes. It aids in explaining how and why people participate in regime. The strongest agent in political socialization is the family. What this means is that most children adopt beliefs similar to those held by their parents. hence most people allow for believe in and vote for issues that are important to members of their familys. The extent to which an individual is involved in the political process is molded by his or her familys train of involvement. For example, a child is less likely to vote if they are raised by parents who dont on a regular basis go to the polls on Election Day. Children of course, dont always copy their parents political learnings, but are often heavily influenced by them. As a result, most people end up favoring the political party that their pare nts generally identify with. Social Characteristics also affect how an individual will participate in politics. Whether a person is young or old, black or white, rich or poor, northerner or southerner will have a bowed down(p) impact on his or her political opinions and behavior. Class may be just as important in shaping peoples political opinions and behaviors. The term social class refers to one of the systems of structured... ...rank of middle class tend to have a much lower level of involvement in politics while those who rise above the line feel quite the opposite. Granted there will be deviant cases that can on some level disprove these theories. But on the grand scale, class remains as the supreme cause of such severe division among the attitudes expressed by the American people. Bibliography1.)Hammond, John L. The Politics of Benevolence Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior. Norwood, New Jersey Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1979. 2.)Doppelt, Jack C. and Shearer, E llen. Non-Voters Americas No Shows. grand Oaks, California Sage Publications Inc., 19993.)Bailey Jr., Harry A. and Katz, Ellis. Ethnic Group Politics. Columbus, Ohio Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1969.4.)Houtman, Dick. Class and Politics in Contemporary Social Science. New York Walter de Gruyter Inc., 2003. 5.)Catt, Helena. Voting Behavior A Radical Critique. London Leicester University Press, 1996. 6.)Giddens, Anthony, Duneier, Mitchell, and Appelbaum, Richard P. Introduction to Sociology Fourth Edition. New York W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2003.

A Philosophical View of Animal Rights :: Philosophy Animal Rights Equality Essays

A Philosophical View of Animal Rights Should animals be harmed to benefit mankind? This pressing question has been round for at least the past two centuries. During the early nineteenth century, animal experiments emerged as an important method of science and, in fact, marked the birth of experimental physiology and neuroscience as we currently know it. There were, however, guidelines that existed even back then which restricted the conditions of experimentation. These early rules protected the animals, in the sense that all procedures performed were done so with as little pain as possible and solely to investigate new truths. Adopting the animals? perspectives, they would probably not agree that these types of regulations were much protection, considering the unwanted pain that they mat up first followed by what would ultimately be their death. But, this is exactly the ethical issue at hand. For the most part, animal rights are debated in regards to two issues 1) whether anim als have the magnate to rationalize or go through a logical thought process and 2) whether or not animals are able to experience pain. However, ?it will not do simply to cite differences between humans and animals in order to provide a rational basis for excluding animals from the scope of our moral deliberations? (Rollin 7). This, Bernard Rollin claims, would be silly. He says that to do this is comparable to a person with a full head of hair excluding all bald men from his moral deliberations simply because they are bald. The legitimate ethical question involved is, ?do these differences serve to justify a moral difference (Rollin 7). Also, which differences between humans and non-humans are significant enough to be considered in determining the non-human?s fate? Over the years, many differences have been proposed. Some theorize that rights consider upon the ability to possess interest, which in turn depend upon the ability to form verbal formulations, for example. If this were so, then it would rule out the possibility of rights for most animals, with maybe the exception of some primates. But, as Rodd states, ?beings incapable of possessing genuine rights exponent possess moral status in virtue of other qualities, such as the capacity for suffering? (Rodd 4). So, it is easily seen how many views have accumulated oer time. The task of determining animal rights has also come into the context of examining these inherent differences on qualitative and quantitative levels.

War and Influenza Epidemic :: Creative Writing Essays

A View from the Chelsea Naval Hospital BOSTON, September 12, 1918 Dear Journal, The Great warfare rages on. An influenza plaguey claims the lives of some(prenominal) Americans. But, the Boston redness Sox have done it again. Last night, in a 2-1 victory over the Chicago Cubs at Fenway Park (thanks to Carl Mays three-hitter), the Boston Red Sox won their fifth World Series championship--amid death and complaint, a reason to live ... Babe Ruth and the 1918 Red Sox. If I die today, at least(prenominal) I lived to see the Sox win the championship. For, it could be a long, long, time before this happens again. From the Chelsea Naval Hospital, overlooking the Boston Bay, I sip on a form of Joe and rate over the Sports Section of the Los Angeles Times. Earlier this month, three Bostonians dropped dead from influenza. In examining the extent of the epidemic, Surgeon-General Blue commented to the Times , People are stricken on the streets, period at work in factories, shipyar ds, offices or elsewhere. First thither is a ch untoward, then fever with temperature from 101 to 103, headache, backache, reddening and running of the eyes, pains and aches all over the body, and command prostration. I gaze out my window, the sun seems brighter than usual and the town more radiant. It must be the victory, for the threat of death due to influenza is pervasive. Outside, children jump rope. With all(prenominal) rationalise of the jump rope they chant. I had a little bird. Skip. Its name was Enza. Skip. I opened up the window. Skip. And in-flu-enza. Here at the Chelsea Naval Hospital, the influx of patients arriving ingleside from the war inflicted with battle wounds and mustard gas burns, has created a shortage of physicians and it is becoming increasingly difficult to fight this influenza. Even our own physicians are falling ill from the disease and dying within hours of its onset. Today I received a letter from Dr. Roy, a friend and fellow phys ician at Camp Devens, who describes a mistakable situation We have lost an outrageous number of Nurses and Drs., and the little town of Ayer is a sight. It takes Special trains to carry away the dead. For several days there were no coffins and the bodies piled up something fierce, we used to go down to the morgue (which is just back of my ward) and look at the boys laid out in long rows .War and Influenza Epidemic Creative Writing EssaysA View from the Chelsea Naval Hospital BOSTON, September 12, 1918 Dear Journal, The Great War rages on. An influenza epidemic claims the lives of several Americans. But, the Boston Red Sox have done it again. Last night, in a 2-1 victory over the Chicago Cubs at Fenway Park (thanks to Carl Mays three-hitter), the Boston Red Sox won their fifth World Series championship--amid death and disease, a reason to live ... Babe Ruth and the 1918 Red Sox. If I die today, at least I lived to see the Sox win the championship. For, it could be a long, long, time before this happens again. From the Chelsea Naval Hospital, overlooking the Boston Bay, I sip on a cup of Joe and browse over the Sports Section of the Los Angeles Times. Earlier this month, three Bostonians dropped dead from influenza. In examining the extent of the epidemic, Surgeon-General Blue commented to the Times , People are stricken on the streets, while at work in factories, shipyards, offices or elsewhere. First there is a chill, then fever with temperature from 101 to 103, headache, backache, reddening and running of the eyes, pains and aches all over the body, and general prostration. I gaze out my window, the sun seems brighter than usual and the town more radiant. It must be the victory, for the threat of death due to influenza is pervasive. Outside, children jump rope. With every skip of the jump rope they chant. I had a little bird. Skip. Its name was Enza. Skip. I opened up the window. Skip. And in-flu-enza. Here at the Chelsea Naval H ospital, the influx of patients arriving home from the war inflicted with battle wounds and mustard gas burns, has created a shortage of physicians and it is becoming increasingly difficult to fight this influenza. Even our own physicians are falling ill from the disease and dying within hours of its onset. Today I received a letter from Dr. Roy, a friend and fellow physician at Camp Devens, who describes a similar situation We have lost an outrageous number of Nurses and Drs., and the little town of Ayer is a sight. It takes Special trains to carry away the dead. For several days there were no coffins and the bodies piled up something fierce, we used to go down to the morgue (which is just back of my ward) and look at the boys laid out in long rows .